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The gender pay gap (also known as gender wage gap, male–female income difference, gender gap in earnings, gender earnings gap, gender income difference) is the difference between male and female earnings expressed as a percentage of male earnings, according to the OECD.〔OECD (''OECD''. ) Retrieved on November 11, 2013.〕 The European Commission defines it as the average difference between men’s and women’s aggregate hourly earnings.〔European Commission. (Tackling the ''Gender Pay Gap in the European Union''. ) Retrieved on May 28, 2015, "The gender pay gap is the difference between men’s and women’s pay, based on the average difference in gross hourly earnings of all employees."〕 It is generally suggested that the wage gap is due to a variety of causes, such as differences in education choices, differences in preferred job and industry, discrimination in hiring, differences in salary negotiations, differences in the types of positions held by men and women, differences in the type of jobs men typically go into as opposed to women (especially highly paid high risk jobs), differences in amount of work experience, difference in length of work week, and breaks in employment. These factors resolve 60% to 75% of the pay gap, depending on the source, and various explanations for the remaining 25% to 40% have been suggested, sex discrimination among them.〔http://www.consad.com/content/reports/Gender%20Wage%20Gap%20Final%20Report.pdf〕〔http://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2015/04/14/on-equal-pay-day-everything-you-need-to-know-about-the-gender-pay-gap/〕〔https://web.stanford.edu/group/scspi/_media/pdf/key_issues/gender_research.pdf〕 In the United States, the average female's earnings have been cited as 78% of those of an average male. However, multiple studies from OECD, AAUW and the US Department of Labor have found that pay rates between males and females varied by 5-6.6% or females earned 94 cents to every dollar earned by their male counterparts.〔http://www.factcheck.org/2012/06/obamas-77-cent-exaggeration/〕〔http://www.aauw.org/files/2013/02/graduating-to-a-pay-gap-the-earnings-of-women-and-men-one-year-after-college-graduation.pdf〕〔http://www.huffingtonpost.com/christina-hoff-sommers/wage-gap_b_2073804.html〕 In the UK the gender pay gap has continued to close and as of 2012, the gap officially dropped below 10% for full-time workers.〔http://www.theguardian.com/money/2012/nov/22/gender-pay-gap-falls-full-time-workers〕〔http://www.ons.gov.uk/ons/rel/ashe/annual-survey-of-hours-and-earnings/2012-provisional-results/stb-ashe-statistical-bulletin-2012.html〕 The gender pay gap can also be viewed as a generational sliding scale, with females between 55-65 with the largest disparity (18%) and females between the ages of 25-35 with the smallest disparity (6%).〔http://www.bls.gov/opub/reports/cps/highlights-of-womens-earnings-in-2013.pdf#8〕 == Overview == The most basic way to look at differences in pay between the genders is to look at the median wages of men and women. However, this comparison is of limited usefulness because men and women exhibit very different characteristics for many of the factors that affect pay. For example, men tend to work in fields with higher average pay, and tend to work more hours per week. Because of these differences, in order to determine what effect discrimination has upon the wages of men and women in the workplace the differences in career choices must be accounted for. One must also determine what portion of those differences is caused by career decisions and what portion is caused by employer discrimination in hiring and promotions.〔http://social.dol.gov/blog/myth-busting-the-pay-gap/〕 A study commissioned by the United States Department of Labor, concluded that: "There are observable differences in the attributes of men and women that account for most of the wage gap. Statistical analysis that includes those variables has produced results that collectively account for between 65.1 and 76.4 percent of a raw gender wage gap of 20.4 percent, and thereby leave an adjusted gender wage gap that is between 4.8 and 7.1 percent."〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=An Analysis of Reasons for the Disparity in Wages Between Men and Women )〕 The Consad Research Corporation study concluded that additional data was needed in order to obtain a better understanding of the factors causing the gender wage gap.〔 In addition to the dispute over the causes of the portion of the wage gap attributed to measurable known factors such as job position, hours worked, experience, and education, there is disagreement on what factors explain the remaining 5–7%. Some studies assert that the remaining gap is due to discrimination,〔()〕 citing studies that show that replacing a man's name with a woman's name on a resume reduces the salary offered and lowers the employers opinion of the candidate's experience, and studies that showed that women are discriminated against in salary negotiations. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Gender pay gap」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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